September 30, 2014

Don’t Forget TXA in the Trauma Bay

By Cameron Wangsgard

Author: Michael  A. Schwarz, Pharm.D., R.Ph.

tran_man

 

Tranexamic Acid (TXA)

  • Tranexamic Acid (TXA) is a competitive inhibitor of plasminogen activation to plasmin and a noncompetitive inhibitor of plasmin, which produces antifibrinolytic effects and stabilizes clot structure.
  • Mayo Clinic TXA protocol for Trauma : TXA is indicated for any acutely injured adult presenting within 3 hours of trauma who is meeting criteria for mass transfusion (2 of the following: Single SBP ≤ 90 mmHg, Single HR ≥ 120 bpm, Lactate ≥ 5 mmol/L, INR ≥ 1.5)
    • Tranexamic Acid (TXA) 1 gram IV Loading Dose over 10 minutes, immediately followed by an infusion of 1 gram over 8 hours.
    • TXA Exclusion Criteria:
      • < 18 years old
      • > 3 hours from injury
      • Current Anticoagulation (warfarin, heparin, LMWH, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, etc.)
      • Known Thromboembolic Disease History (DVT, PE, ACS)
      • Evidence of clotting (DVT, PE, embolic stroke)
      • History of retinal vein or artery occlusion
      • Administration of PCCs, Factor VIIa

 

Studies Supporting Mayo TXA Protocol in Trauma:

  • CRASH-2 (Lancet 2010): Prospective, randomized control trial with 20,211 patients in 40 different countries. Patients presenting within 8 hours of injury who were determined by their provider to be at significant risk of bleeding were randomized to receive TXA (n= 10,096) or placebo (n= 10,115). TXA dosing 1 gram over 10 minutes, then 1 gram over 8 hours infusion
    • RESULTS:
      • TXA significantly reduced all-cause mortality from 16% to 14.5% (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.97; p = 0.0035)
      • TXA significantly reduced death due to bleeding from 5.7% to 4.9% (RR 0.85, CI 0.76-0.96; p = 0.0077)
    • CONCLUSION:
      • TXA shows reduces all-cause mortality in trauma patients at significant risk of bleeding
  • CRASH-2: Timing of TXA Dosing (Lancet 2011): Retrospective analysis of CRASH-2 trial to determine if early timing of TXA from injury improves outcomes
    • RESULTS:
      • TXA ≤ 1 hour from injury reduced risk of death due to bleeding from 7.7% to 5.3%
      • TXA between 1-3 hours from injury reduced risk of death due to bleeding from 6.1% to 4.8%
      • TXA > 3 hours from injury increased risk of death due to bleeding 3.1% to 4.4%
    • CONCLUSION:
      • TXA is beneficial at reducing all-cause mortality in patients with significant risk of bleeding if given within the first 3 hours of a traumatic injury
  • MATTERs (JAMA – 2012): Retrospective observational study of military combat injuries in Afghanistan presenting to a surgical center at Camp Bastion. Included were injuries requiring ≥1 unit PRBC and a subset group that received ≥ 10 units PRBC. 896 combat injuries qualified and 293 received TXA (1 gram IV bolus, with discretional repeat)
    • RESULTS:
      • Main Group (≥ 1 PRBC) Mortality: non-TXA 23.9% vs TXA 17.4% (P=0.03)
      • Subset Group (≥ 10 PRBC) Mortality: non-TXA 28.1% vs TXA 14.4% (P <.003)
    •  CONCLUSION:
      • The largest benefit with TXA was seen in the most severe combat injuries which required massive transfusion

 

 References:

  • Effects of Tranexamic Acid on Death, Vascular Occlusive Events, and Blood Transfusion in Trauma Patients with Significant Haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 376:23-32
  • The Importance of Early Treatment with Tranexamic Acid in Bleeding Trauma Patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 Randomised Controlled Trial Lancet 2011; 377:1096-101
  • Morrison J et al. Military Application of Tranexamic Acid in Trauma Emergency Resuscitation Study. JAMA 2012; 113-119
  • http://mayoweb.mayo.edu/traumacenter/documents/TranexamicAcidUse.pdf
  • Photo from: http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2011/tran_man.html

 

 

Tags: Core Content

Please sign in or register to post a reply.
Contact Us · Privacy Policy